Acetabulofemoral Joint (Hip)

22 Jun 2015 00:48

Acetabulofemoral Joint (Hip)

Bones: The acetebulum is the cup like depression of the joint that is formed at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The head of the femur then fits in the acetebulum. The top of the ilium is what most people know as the bone side of their hip by their waist.

Cartilage: For the large amount of movement of this joint there is a layer of highly lubricated hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of the bones in the ball and socket joint. Between the joint is a synovial sac which is a thin fluid filled membrane adding additional lubrication to the joint, its degradation can lead to arthritis. Overlaying the connection around the bones is a fibrous capsule enclosing the joint.

Ligament: The ilofemoral ligament connects from the ilium to the femur and when standing prevents your core and upper body from alling backwards. This is the strongest ligament in the body (keeping the body upright with hardly any strain) but when seated and relaxed it allows you to lean backwards. The ischiofemoral ligament is situated that it prevents excess internal rotation of the joint. Lastly the pubofemoral ligament which restricts excess abduction (moving the leg away from the body to the side) and excess rotation. All of which named after the bones they join (the bones of the acetebulum and the femur).

Tendon: There are a number of muscular tendons that come together by the joint and connect to the pubic bone and what most people know as their groin muscles.

Muscles/Mechanics:

Flexion: This is lifting the leg (bringing the femur closer to the body) which is done by a combination of nine muscles. The two most important (most influential in flexion) of which being the Psoas major which run from the lumbar vertebrae to the top of the femur and the Iliacus which runs from the top of the ilium to the top of the femur.
Extension: This is stretching the leg back behind you which is done by four muscles. These muscles being the Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings, the most influential being the Biceps femoris. The glute muscle has a long tendon that runs from the bottom side of the buttocks down to the end of the femur.
Abduction: This is moving the limb away from the body (to the side) and is done by six muscles, two of which are of little importance to the motion. All three Gluteus muscles are involved (minimus, medius, maximus) and the Tensor fasciae latae, which are positioned on the outside of the leg, therefore when contracted pull the femur outwards. On a side note one of the minor muscles, the Sartorius muscle, is the longest muscle in the body, running the entire length of the femur.
Adduction: This is pulling the leg back towards the center line of the body, of which there are seven that originate in the pelvic region and attach along the length of the femur.
Medial Rotation: This is turning the leg inwards. This is done by a combination of the Extensor Glutial medius, minimus, the tensor fachiae latae and the Adductors longus, brevis, and magnus.
Lateral Rotation: This is turning the leg outwards. There are arguably six main muscles that contribute to this motion the most influential usually being the Piriformis muscle connecting from the sacrum to the head of the femur.

Mechanics:

There are 22 muscles that originate or attach to the femur, different combinations of contractions of which perform different actions.
The Glutes arguably being the most important as they stabilize the hip and keep it from "swaying" thus keeping the body in place.
Also due to the large number of muscles people are often still able to walk (with maybe a painful limp) even after a decent amount of trauma to the leg.
This a a ball and socket joint with the largest range of motion in the body (as the shoulder joint is several joints together), however its maximum potential is rarely reached in most people (requiring a large amount of stretching to get there).

Range of motion: Due to the shape of the head and neck of the femur the angles of the motion would be different when compared to the direction of the body of the femur, for this we will use the position of the body of the femur and using only the muscles of the leg to orient the femur. From standing the leg can flex (especially with the knee bent) so that the femur moves roughly 160 degrees. The leg can extend backwards (without bending forward) close to 60 degrees. The leg can be abducted away from the body to about 110 degrees from standing. The leg can be adducted towards the body (crossing the other leg) about 30 degrees from standing. The leg is able to outwards and inwards from a natural standing position at least 90 degrees.

These numbers can be increased with insane amounts of stretching, using both hips or bending the back, or during the act of stretching and using other limbs to push the hip joint.

Manipulation:

Striking the leg, such as a muay thai shin kick to the side of the leg will damage muscles and tendons that will make hip/leg movements very painful.
A scoop kick to the center of the femur is and easy way to jam the walking mechanics of the leg, stopping the opponent from getting close to you.
A side or scoop kick by the head of the femur could possible dislocate or break the the joint (even more so against an older opponent).
Otherwise there are few direct manipulations of the hip, many of the leg locks or sweeps only affect the hip along with the ankle and knee.

Stretching: This is arguably the most desired stretched joint especially for martial artists. Stretching regularly and holding the uncomfortable pose for about 20 seconds will improve the range of motion of the joint to the numbers stated above. Stretching should be gradual and feel substantially uncomfortable without immense pain.

Conditioning: It can be very useful to condition the muscles of the leg to sustain impact, by starting with lightly having a partner kick the thigh such as a muay thai shin kick.

Injury: It is common (during much physical activity) to over flex the flexors which stretches the extensors, this is when your hamstrings hurt. In older people as previously stated the head of the femur is weaker and more likely to be damaged, otherwise the femur is the strongest bone in the body.

For information on additional joints please refer back to the Joints page.

acetabulofemoral-joint-hip/html/59aea5a0a38cf5f1ed580813e5e9fb64669c31ba-300440459277642978

Traditional martial arts training refers to training in martial arts, which is rooted in the principles set forth an original master of the art. Follow the wizard are chosen to carry on the traditional teachings of this particular art. Most traditional martial art rooted in the country's history. Thus, the traditional preparation of martial arts means that the student to defend the philosophical principles of the art and practice of its techniques in a fashion similar to the founder, or in a natural progression in this style.
Aikido The Japanese martial art of aikido (“way to unify with your ki”)was founded by Morihei Uyeshiba in 1942. (Ki means “life force.”) Morihei Uyeshiba practiced tenjin shinyo-ryu jujutsu with Tozawa Tokusaburo in 1901, but his true martial calling began in 1911 when he learned daito-ryu aikijujutsuunder ...	Aikijujutsu Aikijujutsu is any jujutsu discipline that focuses on the Japanese principle of “aiki,” in which a practitioner blends with and defeats an opponent by using one’s internal energy (ki or chi). Various schools of jujutsu and aikijujutsu can trace their lineage back to daito-ryu. Conflicting ...	Baguazhang There are two main dichotomies in Chinese martial arts: Shaolin and Wu Dung (Cantonese: Wu Tang). Wu Dung is known for its internal martial arts usually classified under wu dung chuan. Three of wu dung chuan’s better-known styles are tai chi (taiji), hsing-i (xing yi) and baguazhang (also Romanized pa kua ...
Bando Bando, banshay, lethwei and naban are some of the fighting arts you’ll find in Burma (renamed Myanmar in 1989). They are collectively called thaing and are considered by the Burmese to be indigenous arts. However, because Burma borders India and China, martial historians believe that Indians and Chinese have ...	Bersilat The Malays from Yunnan, China, first appeared in Borneo circa 3000 B.C. and had established dynasties in Indonesia and Malaysia by A.D. 100 to 200. Persia opened trade routes with the Malays in A.D. 226. Soon, visiting Indian religious priests arrived from Kerala, India. China’s Sui and Tang dynasties (A.D. 581-907) traded with Sumatra. ...	Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a martial art and combat sport that teaches a smaller person how to defend himself against a larger adversary by using leverage and proper technique. The Gracie family, the founders of BJJ, modified judo and traditional Japanesejujutsu to create the art. It contains stand-up maneuvers, but it is most ...
Capoeira In 1405, Chinese admiral Zheng He set sail from China to East Africa with 28,000 men aboard 62 treasure ships (each larger than a football field). At each stop, Zheng He would leave warriors and laymen to live with native cultures. His last stop was Angola, Africa. Chinese warriors lived with the coastal natives. Decades later, Portuguese slave ...	Chin-na There are four types of Chinese martial arts that are increasingly categorized into increasing levels of difficulty to master: shuai jiao, chin-na, wai chuenand chigong. Chin-na (“seize and break”; Cantonese:kahm nah) isn’t an individual style of Chinese martial arts. It’s a collection of kung fu techniques ...	Dragon Kung Fu The origins of dragon kung fu or dragon fist are not well-known, but the movements derive from the Shaolin martial arts as one of the five animal styles of kung fu that originated from the 18 Buddhist Fists created by Indian Buddhist monk Ta Mo (Bodhidharma). The dragon style has roots in hakka chuen, a style of kung fu from the Hakka ...
Escrima On April 28, 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan waded onto shore of one of the 7000-plus Philippine islands in the name of Spanish King Charles I, Chief Raja Lapulapu killed Ferdinand Magellan with a Philippinekampilan dagger by slicing his leg, then thrusting the dagger into his throat. In response, the Spanish conquerors forbid the ...	Hapkido Hapkido is a Korean martial art that is written with the same three Chinese characters as aikido.Hapkido’s techniques, however, bear little resemblance to aikido’s. Although Choi Yong-sul is credited with founding hapkido, it’s probably more accurate to say that hapkido arose from a collaborative effort among a small group ...	Hsing-i Chuan Hsing-i chuan is one of the major Chinese internal styles of Wu Dung. Although some historians believe Song dynasty Gen. Yue Fei (1103-1142) created hsing-i chuan, others credit Ji Ji-ke (aka Ji Long-feng; 1588-1662) with creating the style based on the movements of his famous spear skills. Ji Ji-ke stressed that the body’s ...
Iaido Iaido was largely influenced by Hayashinizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu (1546-1621) who coined the termiaijutsu, the first Japanese art of sword drawing. Created by Nakayama Hakudo in the 1930s, iaido literally means “the way of mental presence and immediate reaction” but is now known as “the way of sword drawing.” Although ...	Judo Derived from his study of jujutsu, Jigoro Kano created judo as a martial sport usable for self-defense. In 1882, Jigoro Kano founded the Kodokan Judo Institute as the governing body for judo. Judo became an Olympic sport at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. When judo was advertised in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s ...	Jujitsu Jujutsu is the art of gentle and supple yielding wherein a person uses an opponent’s energy against him. Some historians consider jujutsu to have evolved among the samurai between the eighth and 16th centuries as an unarmed fighting style. Kicks and punches would have little effect if a warrior lost his sword and had to defeat an ...
Kalaripayit The first written records of Indian combat appeared in the Lotus Sutra (600-500 B.C.), in which it was written that nata (a form of boxing) was learned through dancing. Perhaps the first famous warrior of India was Gautama Siddartha (aka Buddha), who was an expert fencer and pugilist and was possibly schooled in ...	Kapu Kuialua When Tahitian immigrants arrived on the Hawaiian Islands in 1300, they introduced the mentality of war and a caste system. After centuries of warfare that erupted between the various Hawaiian Islands, the most feared and brutal warriors to arise from this caste system were the Koa. The Koa created the first known Hawaiian martial art of ...	Karate After Okinawan King Sato paid tribute to China’s Ming dynasty in 1372, trade was opened between the two countries. In 1392, 36 Shaolin martial artists from Fujian province arrived in Okinawa to teach them Chinese martial arts. This led to the development of Okinawan martial arts that were named after the villages of their origin—naha-te, ...
Kempo Kempo (or kenpo) is the Japanese translation of the Chinese words “chuan fa,” which means “martial arts method” or “way” in English. It’s a generic Japanese term used to describe Chinese martial arts; it’s similar to the way Westerners use kung fu as an umbrella term for Chinese martial arts. ...	Kendo Twenty years after the ancient Japanese samurai class was disbanded at the dawn of Japan’s Meiji Restoration (1866-1867), there was a resurgence of interest in traditional Japanese sword arts that led to the creation of kendo. In 1886, the Japanese police began gathering forms from kenjutsu schools that were famous before ...	Kenpo According to many martial arts historians, kenpokarate was created by William Kwai Sun Chow. From there, it was popularized by Ed Parker first in Hawaii and, later, on the American mainland. Although it’s often categorized as an American martial art, the style’s name is written with the same Chinese characters as chuan fa, a ...
Kung Fu Kung fu (Mandarin: gung fu; Cantonese: gong fu) is a Western- catchall term for the Chinese martial arts. Literally translated, kung fu means “work hard,” which is why people who work hard are described as having a lot of “kung fu.” While the martial arts have existed in China since 2600 B.C., the foundation for ...	Kung Fu Animals Although some animal kung fu styles, like the 10,000 bee technique, originated from animal confrontations or animal-related work (like the fish gate style, which features movements based on the way fishermen cast their nets), most evolved by mimicking the movements and postures animals display in combative situations. In the mid-1600s, Shaolin ...	Kung Fu San Soo Kung fu san soo is a southern Chinese martial art based on the 5 Family Fist style and brought to America by Chinese immigrant Jimmy Haw Woo (1901-1991; Mandarin: Chen Shou-jue) in 1962. Kung fu san soo’s philosophy holds that there are no rules in any fight. Intended to be a “common sense” martial art, kung fu san soo teaches ...
Kyokushin The kanji lettering used to spell kyokushin can be translated as “society for the ultimate truth,” which reflects founder Masutatsu Oyama’s belief that traditional karateka were becoming soft, missing the forceful combative nature of the true art. Kyokushin’s philosophy centers on discipline and self-improvement, which ...	Lima Lama Lima lama is a martial art that originated on the South Pacific island of Samoa. Derived from the words “lima” and “malamalama,” meaning “five fingers of understanding and intelligence,” lima lama symbolically means “hands of wisdom.” Founder Tu’umamao “Tino” Tuiolosega practiced ...	Monkey Kung Fu Even though monkey kung fu is recognized as being created by Kou Sze in the late 1800s in China, its roots can be traced back to the mi hou wu dance of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). During his 10-year sentence for murder, Kou Sze watched a monkey colony from his cell in a forest-based prison. After studying the monkeys’ behavior, ...
Muay Thai To Westerners, Thai martial arts is Thai kickboxing or, as it is more commonly known, muay Thai.However, muay Thai is technically not a martial art. Instead, it is a sport that’s been around since 1930. Its techniques are taken from the more lethal art ofmuay boran, which originated from the older fighting style of ling ...	Ninjutsu Ninjutsu is a systemized Japanese martial art used for the specific purpose of espionage. The art was practiced by the shinobi or ninja that rose to prominence during Japan’s Sengoku period (1467-1573; aka Warring States period). However, the origin of ninjutsu is just as secretive as the men who practiced the art. One ...	Pentjak Silat The Indonesian martial art of pentjak silat is little known outside its country of origin. Practitioners of the art attribute historic victories against Holland and Japan to pentjak silat’s mystical practice of channeling tenaga dalam (the Indonesian version of Chinese chi kung). Several legends dictate that women ...
Praying Mantis Kung Fu According to Chinese lore, when Shaolin monk Wang Lung, spurned by a recent combative loss, was studying his Buddhist texts, he was disturbed by the sound of a praying mantis attacking a cricket. Astonished by how easily the mantis defeated its prey, Wang Lung prodded the mantis with a piece of straw and observed how the insect jumped back and ...	Sambo From Russian tribes’ heritage of combat sports evolved a martial art called systema. Systema was created by the Cossacks in A.D. 948 and is thought to originate from Hun and Mongolian invasions and is thus likely influenced by Chinese martial arts. Systema formed the foundation for the art ofsambo, which arose after the ...	Sanshou Sanshou (aka sanda; “unsanctioned fighting”) is a Chinese martial art that arose in 1924 because of the superior close-quarters-combat skills of the Japanese soldiers over their inadequate Russian counterparts during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). The new Soviet power developed intense hand-to-hand combat training ...
Shaolin Kung Fu Although martial arts have been documented in China since 2600 B.C., the source of today’s martial arts originate from A.D. 527, when Indian monk Ta Mo (Bodhidharma) arrived at Shaolin in Henan province. Before his arrival, the Shaolin monks practiced Taoism and meditation. Ta Mo found the monks to be lacking physical ability stating, “The ...	Shotokan In 1921, Gichin Funakoshi (1868-1957) introduced Okinawan karate to Japan. Gichin Funakoshi developed his simpler style of karate from studying the Okinawan karate styles of shorei-ryu and shorin-ryu. In 1939, Gichin Funakoshi built his first official karate dojo in the Mejiro neighborhood of Toshima in Tokyo. He ...	Taekwondo The term taekwondo was coined in 1955 by South Korean Gen. Choi Hong-hi and thus he was controversially credited as the art’s founder. The art draws from Japanese karate and Korea’s oldest martial art, taekkyon. Taekwondo was born of power struggles. Along with Nam Tae-hi and Han Cha-kyo, Gen. Choi Hong-hi adopted the ...
Tai Chi After Shaolin monk Zhang San-feng left Shaolin, he ended up living in the Wu Dung Mountains and developed a new school of martial arts called wu dung (Cantonese: wu tang.) As legend goes, Zhang San-feng saw a crane fighting a snake. The snake used soft coiling motions to ward off the bird’s attacks, and the crane used its ...	Tang Soo Do During Korea’s Three Kingdom period (Koguryo, Paechta and Silla kingdoms; 57 B.C. - A.D. 668), the Chinese Tang dynasty helped the Silla defeat the Japanese-backed Paechta kingdom. To honor the Tang dynasty, the Silla created the martial arttangsu (Chinese hand) that was then taught to Korea’s renowned Hwarang warriors. In 1945, ...	Tiger Kung Fu While tiger kung fu was one of the original five animal styles of Shaolin, it wasn't until around 1758 when tiger kung fu (hu chuan) gained martial fame via Hong Xi-guan, one of the Ten Tigers of Shaolin kung fu. Hong Xi-guan further developed tiger kung fu by incorporating the tiger’s vicious breaking, ripping and tearing techniques ...
White Crane Kung Fu White-crane kung fuis one of the five animal styles found in the Shaolin martial arts. However, other styles of white crane have arisen independently of Shaolin. After Ah Dat-ta became a Buddhist lama monk in 1450s Tibet, he retreated to the mountains and created a style of white-crane kung fu based on what he learned from watching a fight ...	Wing Chun Wing chun (aka ving tsun; Mandarin: yong chuin) is a Chinese martial art that arose soon after the burning of the Song Shan Shaolin Temple circa 1735. Because of a lack of written historical records, wing chun’s origins are still heavily debated. One story states that Shaolin monk Zhi Shan and Shaolin hero Hong ...	XMA Xtreme Martial Arts, the brainchild of Mike Chaturantabut, is an entertainment brand of martial arts that combines martial arts techniques, acrobatics and gymnastics. With an emphasis on performance, XMA focuses on the flashy martial arts movements seen in the Chinese martial arts films of the early 1980s. It also taps into the quick, whippy ...